D&Z CONSULT SDN BHD
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ANOLYTE AND CATHOLYTE
Background
Envirolyte
machines are large volume, on-site systems, utilizing electro-chemical
activation (ECA) to produce two solutions – Anolyte, a potent biocide and
Catholyte. Patents derive from research in Russia from 1972. Machines are
currently produced in Estonia and are distributed throughout the world throughout the world see distribution map at the bottom of this page.
Technology
Electrochemical
activation is similar to electrolysis where electric current
is used to produce a chemical change. The key innovations are the interposition
of an ion-permeable membrane between the positive and negative electrodes and
the design of and materials used for the electrodes.
Oxidation
occurs at the positive anode, where negatively charged anions
give up electrons.
Reduction
occurs at the negative cathode, where electrons are emitted and react with positively
charged cations
in the solution.
The
membrane allows the removal of solutions from each electrode separately –
Anolyte from the anode and Catholyte from the cathode.
Typical reactions
are as follows:
(See Picture Titled Typical Reactions at Bottom of this page))
The
machines require mains water, saturated sodium chloride solution and single
phase power.
Electrochemical
Activation
(see diagram at bottom of this page)
Anolyte contains 0.05% hypochlorous
acid / hypochlorite, 0.26% sodium chloride and 99.69% water. Most importantly
it also contains small amounts of highly chemically active, metastable
compounds of chlorine and oxygen (mixed oxidants: O2, O3,
Cl2, O2˙, OH2˙, Cl˙, ClO˙) giving it
significantly greater biocidal activity against bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae,
fungi and spores than sodium/calcium hypochlorite.
Neutral Anolyte can be produced in the pH range 6.5 – 8.5, has a free chlorine
level of 500 mg/L and maintains oxidation reduction potential (ORP) levels of
700 – 900 mV for several months in appropriate storage.
In general, Anolyte:
- - is an effective biocide for disinfecting
water, food, air and surfaces and because of the metastable compounds of
chlorine and oxygen, is significantly more effective than sodium/calcium
hypochlorite
- - is effective against bacteria including Salmonella and Campylobacter, viruses including HPAI H5N1, protozoa including
Giardia and Cryptosporidium, algae, fungi
and spores, and has an easily measured residual. Anolyte’s effectiveness
depends on access to the pathogens, Anolyte concentration, mode of application,
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) level achieved, particular pathogen,
exposure time, pH, temperature, admixed organic matter, biofilm, etc.
- - removes biofilms
- - has no acute or chronic toxicity when
diluted with water, contrast Neutral Anolyte MSDS with MSDS Sodium/Calcium
Hypochlorite
- - can be produced on site by entry level
workers
- - requires minimal transport and storage
costs for sodium chloride; contrast Dangerous Goods classification for
sodium/calcium hypochlorite transport by road, rail, sea or air and storage
risks
- - is easy and safe to handle, requiring no
personal protection; contrast MSDS sodium/calcium hypochlorite
- - is
environmentally friendly, readily disposable to any drain; contrast MSDS
sodium/calcium hypochlorite.
The
extreme effectiveness of the mixed oxidants in Anolyte over sodium hypochlorite
was apparent in testing
conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute for the US Military. Their most
widely used decontaminant, sodium hypochlorite, with active chlorine
concentration of 5000 mg/L, took 30 minutes to destroy anthrax spores and
required respiratory protection. Anolyte with active chlorine concentration of
350 mg/L killed the spores on contact and required no respiratory protection
(In killing Bacillus anthracis
spores, Anolyte, with comparable free chlorine levels, was over 100 times more
effective than sodium hypochlorite).
Predominant Species in Anolyte:
HOCl ↔ H+ + OCl‾ pKa = 7.5
As a disinfectant, HOCl is about 80 to 100 times more
effective than OCl‾.
Disinfection Endpoint Determination
Besides direct measures of pathogen reduction, free
chlorine and ORP (oxidation reduction potential) have proven useful control
parameters.
Free Chlorine (FAC) can be determined by a variety of
chemical and physiochemical methods; need to be aware of chemistry, stability,
range, interferences, accuracy, precision, etc.
ORP is the tendency of a chemical
species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced. A solution with a
higher (more positive) ORP than the new species will have a tendency to gain
electrons from the new species (ie,
to be reduced by oxidizing the new species) and a solution with a lower (more
negative) ORP will have a tendency to lose electrons to the new species (ie, to be oxidized by reducing the new
species). ORP, like pH represents an activity and does not characterize the
capacity of the system for oxidation or reduction; in much the same way that pH
does not characterize buffering capacity. (See Technical Bulletins 18, 24 and
32 from Aquarius Technologies Pty Ltd (www.aquariustech.com.au.)
Catholyte contains 99.3% Water, 0.413%
NaCl, 0.14% NaOH, and 0.0735% H2O2‾, has a pH 11–13 and ORP ~ -800 to -900.
Equipment Choice
The capacity of
the required machine is dependent on volume to be treated, contaminant level
and desired residual (free chlorine or ORP). Manual and automated models are
available; specifications are available on the Envirolyte
Industries International Ltd website www.envirolyte.com and www.waterculture.com.au
Anolyte Cost
These costs are
based on domestic costs for salt, water and electricity. Commercial costs would
probably be less and would need to be determined in each situation. For an EL
3000 machine producing 300 L/hour of straight
Anolyte:
Electricity 4.3 kWh for 3000 L (@ 11.979 cents / kWh) =
0.017 cents/L
Salt 8 g/L (@ $274 / 1000 kg) = 0.219
cents/L
Water 1 L (@ $0.89 / 1000 L) = 0.089
cents/L
TOTAL 0.325 cents/L or $0.00325/L or $32.50 per
10,000 L. (At 1% dilution,
this 10,000 L is sufficient to treat 1 ML of water.)
Courtsey of My Principal From Envirolyte Asia Pacific, please visit the following URL For a general presentation on water, waste water and recycling technology and approx cost benefits
http://envirolyteasiapacific.com/files/General%20on%20ECA%20Technology.pptx
ANOLYTE AND CATHOLYTE
Background
Envirolyte machines are large volume, on-site systems, utilizing electro-chemical activation (ECA) to produce two solutions – Anolyte, a potent biocide and Catholyte. Patents derive from research in Russia from 1972. Machines are currently produced in Estonia and are distributed throughout the world throughout the world see distribution map at the bottom of this page.
Technology
Electrochemical activation is similar to electrolysis where electric current is used to produce a chemical change. The key innovations are the interposition of an ion-permeable membrane between the positive and negative electrodes and the design of and materials used for the electrodes.
Oxidation occurs at the positive anode, where negatively charged anions give up electrons.
Reduction occurs at the negative cathode, where electrons are emitted and react with positively charged cations in the solution.
The membrane allows the removal of solutions from each electrode separately – Anolyte from the anode and Catholyte from the cathode.
Typical reactions are as follows:
(See Picture Titled Typical Reactions at Bottom of this page))
The machines require mains water, saturated sodium chloride solution and single phase power.
Electrochemical Activation
(see diagram at bottom of this page)
Anolyte contains 0.05% hypochlorous acid / hypochlorite, 0.26% sodium chloride and 99.69% water. Most importantly it also contains small amounts of highly chemically active, metastable compounds of chlorine and oxygen (mixed oxidants: O2, O3, Cl2, O2˙, OH2˙, Cl˙, ClO˙) giving it significantly greater biocidal activity against bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, fungi and spores than sodium/calcium hypochlorite. Neutral Anolyte can be produced in the pH range 6.5 – 8.5, has a free chlorine level of 500 mg/L and maintains oxidation reduction potential (ORP) levels of 700 – 900 mV for several months in appropriate storage.
In general, Anolyte:
- - is an effective biocide for disinfecting water, food, air and surfaces and because of the metastable compounds of chlorine and oxygen, is significantly more effective than sodium/calcium hypochlorite
- - is effective against bacteria including Salmonella and Campylobacter, viruses including HPAI H5N1, protozoa including Giardia and Cryptosporidium, algae, fungi and spores, and has an easily measured residual. Anolyte’s effectiveness depends on access to the pathogens, Anolyte concentration, mode of application, Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) level achieved, particular pathogen, exposure time, pH, temperature, admixed organic matter, biofilm, etc.
- - removes biofilms
- - has no acute or chronic toxicity when diluted with water, contrast Neutral Anolyte MSDS with MSDS Sodium/Calcium Hypochlorite
- - can be produced on site by entry level workers
- - requires minimal transport and storage costs for sodium chloride; contrast Dangerous Goods classification for sodium/calcium hypochlorite transport by road, rail, sea or air and storage risks
- - is easy and safe to handle, requiring no personal protection; contrast MSDS sodium/calcium hypochlorite
- - is environmentally friendly, readily disposable to any drain; contrast MSDS sodium/calcium hypochlorite.
The extreme effectiveness of the mixed oxidants in Anolyte over sodium hypochlorite was apparent in testing conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute for the US Military. Their most widely used decontaminant, sodium hypochlorite, with active chlorine concentration of 5000 mg/L, took 30 minutes to destroy anthrax spores and required respiratory protection. Anolyte with active chlorine concentration of 350 mg/L killed the spores on contact and required no respiratory protection (In killing Bacillus anthracis spores, Anolyte, with comparable free chlorine levels, was over 100 times more effective than sodium hypochlorite).
HOCl ↔ H+ + OCl‾ pKa = 7.5
As a disinfectant, HOCl is about 80 to 100 times more effective than OCl‾.
Disinfection Endpoint Determination
Besides direct measures of pathogen reduction, free chlorine and ORP (oxidation reduction potential) have proven useful control parameters.
Free Chlorine (FAC) can be determined by a variety of chemical and physiochemical methods; need to be aware of chemistry, stability, range, interferences, accuracy, precision, etc.
ORP is the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced. A solution with a higher (more positive) ORP than the new species will have a tendency to gain electrons from the new species (ie, to be reduced by oxidizing the new species) and a solution with a lower (more negative) ORP will have a tendency to lose electrons to the new species (ie, to be oxidized by reducing the new species). ORP, like pH represents an activity and does not characterize the capacity of the system for oxidation or reduction; in much the same way that pH does not characterize buffering capacity. (See Technical Bulletins 18, 24 and 32 from Aquarius Technologies Pty Ltd (www.aquariustech.com.au.)
Catholyte contains 99.3% Water, 0.413% NaCl, 0.14% NaOH, and 0.0735% H2O2‾, has a pH 11–13 and ORP ~ -800 to -900.
Equipment Choice
The capacity of the required machine is dependent on volume to be treated, contaminant level and desired residual (free chlorine or ORP). Manual and automated models are available; specifications are available on the Envirolyte Industries International Ltd website www.envirolyte.com and www.waterculture.com.au
Anolyte Cost
These costs are based on domestic costs for salt, water and electricity. Commercial costs would probably be less and would need to be determined in each situation. For an EL 3000 machine producing 300 L/hour of straight Anolyte:
Electricity 4.3 kWh for 3000 L (@ 11.979 cents / kWh) = 0.017 cents/L
Salt 8 g/L (@ $274 / 1000 kg) = 0.219
cents/L
Water 1 L (@ $0.89 / 1000 L) = 0.089 cents/L
TOTAL 0.325 cents/L or $0.00325/L or $32.50 per 10,000 L. (At 1% dilution, this 10,000 L is sufficient to treat 1 ML of water.)
Courtsey of My Principal From Envirolyte Asia Pacific, please visit the following URL For a general presentation on water, waste water and recycling technology and approx cost benefits
http://envirolyteasiapacific.com/files/General%20on%20ECA%20Technology.pptx
TYPICAL REACTIONS
